Posted by: Jack Henry | August 26, 2019

Editor’s Corner: Suffrage

Hello, my beautiful dandelions! I hope you are having a bright and cheerful day!

I’m sending this Editor’s Corner article a day early in honor of today being Women’s Equality Day. Though I like to celebrate 365 days of this, it is on this day that the United States commemorates the 1920 adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment (Amendment XIX) to the United States Constitution, which gave women in America the right to vote. Most of the JHA offices should be acknowledging this in some way—if you are in an office, check out what’s happening there!

If you are an Editor’s Corner reader, you get this special delivery to your mailbox because I love to share. So, what does the vote have to do with English?

Well, I was watching Schoolhouse Rock’s “Suffering Till Suffrage” video, and I got curious about where the word suffrage came from. Here is a nice article that answers a few questions about the word. The full article is here: “What Does Suffrage Mean” by Jone Johnson Lewis.

"Suffrage" is used today to mean the right to vote in elections, sometimes also including the right to run for and hold elected public office. It is commonly used in phrases like "woman suffrage" or "women’s suffrage" or "universal suffrage."

Derivation and History

The word "suffrage" comes from the Latin suffragium meaning "to support." It already had the connotation of voting in classical Latin, and may have been used as well for a special tablet on which one recorded a vote.

It likely came into English through French. In Middle English, the word took on ecclesiastical meanings, as well, of intercessory prayers. In the 14th and 15th centuries in English, it was also used to mean "support."

By the 16th and 17th centuries, "suffrage" was in common use in English to mean a vote in favor of a proposal (as in a representative body like Parliament) or of a person in an election. The meaning then broadened to apply to a vote for or against candidates and proposals. Then the meaning broadened to mean the ability to vote by individuals or groups….

The Enlightenment, with emphasis on equality of all persons and "consent of the governed," paved the way for the idea that the suffrage, or ability to vote, should be extended beyond a small elite group. Wider, or even universal suffrage, became a popular demand. "No taxation without representation" called for those who were taxed to also be able to vote for their representatives in government.

Universal male suffrage was a call in political circles in Europe and America by the first half of the 19th century, and then some began to extend that demand to women as well as woman suffrage became a key social reform issue through 1920.

Active suffrage refers to the right to vote. The phrase passive suffrage is used to refer to the right to run for and hold public office. Women were, in a few cases, elected to public office (or appointed) before they won the right to active suffrage.

Suffragist was used to denote someone working to extend suffrage to new groups. Suffragette was sometimes used for women working for woman suffrage.

Kara Church

Technical Editor, Advisory

Symitar Documentation Services

Posted by: Jack Henry | August 22, 2019

Editor’s Corner: Mispronounced Words

Good morning, everyone. Today I’m sharing a list of mispronounced words. Coming from a family of many varied accents, I wondered if the pronunciations would differ regionally, and my guess is that they do; however, I checked the pronunciations on the Merriam-Webster website, so whether you’re from California, Kentucky, or Maine, these are the preferred pronunciations. I was surprised by a couple of them.

This is by no means a complete list, but it gets the conversation started.

acai: should be ah-sigh-EE

conch: should be conk

espresso: should be es-PRESS-O (not ex-PRESS-o)

February: should be FEB-ru-ar-ee (we shouldn’t be dropping the first r).

forte: should be fort (not for-TAY)

foyer: should be FOY-er (not foy-YAY)

gala: should be GAY-la (not GAL-uh)

hyperbole: should be hy-PER-ba-lee (not HY-per-bowl)

liable: should be LIE-a-ble (not LIE-ble)

library: should be LIE-brare-ee (don’t drop the first r)

meme: should be meem

mischievous: should be MIS-chiv-ous (not mis-CHEEV-i-ous)

niche: should be nitch (not neesh)

nuclear: should be NEW-clee-ur (not NEW-que-lur)

often: should be OFF-en (not OFF-ten)

realtor: should be REEL-tur (not REE-la-tur)

regime: should be RAY-geem (not RUH-geem)

sherbet: should be sher-BET (not SHER-bert)

status: should be STAY-tus (not STAH-tus)

triathlon: should be tri-ATH-len (not tri-ATH-a-lon)

valet: should be VAL-it (not val-AY)

And because my son recently graduated with a degree in zoology…

zoology: should be zoh-AH-lo-jee (not zoo-AH-lo-jee)

And because my other son is in the Coast Guard…

boatswain: should be boh-sun

coxswain: should be kahk-sun

How many surprised you? I hope you have a fabulous day.

Donna Bradley Burcher | Senior Technical Editor | Symitar®

8985 Balboa Ave. | San Diego, CA 92123 | Ph. 619.278.0432 | Ext: 765432

About Editor’s Corner

Editor’s Corner keeps your communication skills sharp by providing information on grammar, punctuation, JHA style, and all things English. As editors, we spend our days reading, researching, and revising other people’s writing. We love to spend a few extra minutes to share what we learn with you and keep it fun while we’re doing it.

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Posted by: Jack Henry | August 20, 2019

Editor’s Corner: Greece is the word!

Καλημέρα! (Kaliméra/good morning), my little chickadees! I got back from a vacation a couple of weeks ago, and surprisingly, I haven’t forced my photos or stories on you…yet! It was a double birthday celebration for my brother and cousin, and instead of meeting here in the states, we went to my cousin’s home: Greece. It was quite an adventure with twelve family members; various homes, hotel rooms, and bungalows; three cars; and ten really stubborn, loud, opinionated people swearing in Greek. I’ll let you figure out who the two gentle people were, but I was not one of them. J

While I was going through the Acropolis Museum, I sent myself a few words to cover with you when I returned home. The top floor of the museum is built in the dimensions of the Parthenon and contains a few original marble sculptures and a lot of casts of the Parthenon’s ancient sculptures that are now in other countries. And here is where our language lesson starts.

At either end of the museum’s top floor, you will see what remains of the two pediments. The pediments are the triangular areas above the columns. The pediments of the Athens Parthenon comprised two scenes from mythology: the birth of Athena from Zeus’s head, and a battle over Attica between Poseidon and Athena. Considering the name of the city below, I think we know who won that battle with her gift of the olive tree.

Today’s Parthenon (red indicates pediment placement):

Here’s a recreation of the pediment of Athena and Poseidon:

Hmm. I’m already running out of time and I’ve only covered “pediment.” Well, here’s another word for you: metope. A metope, according to Merriam-Webster is “space between two triglyphs of a Doric frieze often adorned with carved work.” Doric is the style of column used on the Parthenon, and a triglyph is

is a tablet with three vertical grooves. Put them all together and you have the next level of art beneath the pediment.

Okay, that’s it for today, except one more photo that I took far away from Athens, at the River Styx. Yes, this is where souls were supposedly ferried from the world of the living, across the Styx, to the world of the dead. You may remember seeing historical references of putting coins on the eyelids of the dead to pay the ferryman. This is where and why the Greeks did it. How did such a beautiful place get such a dark reputation?

Have a lovely day!

Kara Church

Technical Editor, Advisory

Symitar Documentation Services

Posted by: Jack Henry | August 15, 2019

Editor’s Corner: Two Tips for Clear Writing

We all struggle with putting our thoughts in writing in the most sensible, logical way. Even the best writers don’t always write perfectly in their first draft; they revise their text until they are confident it is clear.

Two challenges really hinder the legibility of a writer’s text: illogical sentence sequence (the order sentences are placed in) and missing transitions between sentences. I read a great article on GrammarBook.com that so beautifully explains these issues and how to fix them that I’m going to share it with you here. I hope you find it useful.

A challenge that any writer can run into is establishing fluent forward movement among sentences. To ensure understanding for readers, writers need to clearly connect related thoughts and properly signal when one is shifting to another.

Consider this text:

Janice is going to Nashville. She enjoys traveling. She loves rock music and concerts. Her favorite band, Heavy Medal, is performing. Janice’s family is having a reunion. The airline is lowering fares. Janice has two weeks of unused vacation from work. She wants to go to Austin, Texas, too. [dbb – You’ll find suggestions about how fix this disjointed paragraph toward the very end of the article—read on!]

These sentences convey information, but they also make us work to decipher their association. Their lack of cohesion lowers the likelihood we’ll retain them as we should.

As writers, we can help them adhere with proper arrangement and transitions. Sentence arrangement involves placing statements in a logical sequence. Transitional markers indicate the relationships among ideas.

For a better sequence of sentences, we focus on what the order of thoughts could or should be.

Scattered sequence: Brianna wrote a report. She bought more paper. She gave it to her teacher. She proofed it for typos.
Logical sequence: Brianna bought more paper. She wrote a report. She proofed it for typos. She gave it to her teacher.

For marking transitions, one way to connect different sentences is by repeating a word or an idea from a previous sentence.

Less connected: Questionable claims can spread through social media. An embezzler sits on the village board.
Better with repeated idea: Questionable claims can spread through social media. One such claim is that an embezzler sits on the village board.

Another way to achieve smoother links is by including a transitional word or phrase. These markers may also be referred to as conjuncts or conjunctive adverbs. The following table includes some of these common expressions.

Addition moreover, even more, further, furthermore, besides, and, and then, likewise, also, plus, too, as well, again, in addition, equally important, next
Comparison similarly, likewise, in like manner
Contrast but, yet, however, still, nevertheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, after all, at the same time, otherwise
Place here, there, near, beyond, beside, opposite to, adjacent to
Purpose to this end, for this purpose, with this object, because
Result hence, therefore, accordingly, consequently, thus, as a result, then
Summary in brief, in sum, in short, in other words, that is, to be sure, for example, for instance, in fact, indeed, in any event
Time meanwhile, at length, immediately, soon, in the meantime, afterward, later

Less smooth: I am a carpenter. I am a surfer. I will coach my son’s softball team.

More smooth with transitional words and phrase: I am a carpenter. I am also a surfer. I will soon coach my son’s softball team as well.

With the preceding principles in mind, let’s touch up our text about Janice by working on our sentence sequence and transitions:

Janice is going to Nashville because her family is having a reunion there. She enjoys traveling; plus, she has two weeks of unused vacation from work. Janice also loves rock music and concerts, and her favorite band, Heavy Medal, is performing in Nashville the week of the reunion. Even more, the airline is lowering fares. Janice wants to go to Austin, Texas, later too.

By focusing on the order of our thoughts and the stitches that sew them, we elevate our impact as writers who communicate with precision, clarity, and eloquence.

I hope the rest of your day is wonderful.

Donna Bradley Burcher | Senior Technical Editor | Symitar®

8985 Balboa Ave. | San Diego, CA 92123 | Ph. 619.278.0432 | Ext: 765432

About Editor’s Corner

Editor’s Corner keeps your communication skills sharp by providing information on grammar, punctuation, JHA style, and all things English. As editors, we spend our days reading, researching, and revising other people’s writing. We love to spend a few extra minutes to share what we learn with you and keep it fun while we’re doing it.

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Posted by: Jack Henry | August 13, 2019

Editor’s Corner: Meanings Change

Today I thought I’d share part of an article from Merriam-Webster with you. The complete article contains 10 words, but for the sake of space I am just including four. If you would like to read the full article, see Words That Used to Mean Something Different.

Note: Some of the examples are quite old and the spelling rules were a little different then!

  • Bully

Original Definition:

sweetheart, darling – used of either sex

Example:

"I kiss his dirty shoe, and from heart-string I love the lovely bully. What is thy name?" – William Shakespeare, Henry V, 1600

About the Word:

The meaning of bully has been changing for almost five hundred years now, with the earliest evidence of the word dating back to the 1530s.

Along the path from heartthrob to harasser bully has also meant ‘a man of outstanding physical powers,’ ‘a hired ruffian,’ ‘the boss of a logging camp,’ ‘any of several blennioid fishes,’ and numerous other things.

  • Disappoint

Original Definition:

to remove from office

Example:

"And under this power are comprehended all the other rights and marks of soveraigntie … to proclaime warre, or to make peace: to take knowledge in the last appeale of the iudgments of all Magistrates: to appoint or to disappoint the greatest officers …" – Pierre de la Primaudaye (Translated by T. Bowes), The French Academy, 1586

About the Word:

It seems as though such a word should be quite simple; if you appoint a person to some position you can also disappoint them from it.

Yet the English language does not always work in a way that makes sense. Not only do words change meaning, but some of our prefixes do not always mean the same thing. For instance, dis- can mean ‘do the opposite of,’ as in disqualify, and also can mean ‘completely’ as in disannul.

It would certainly be pleasant if we could immediately disappoint those who disappoint us, but we generally have to wait for an election to do this.

  • Popularity

Original definition: democracy as a principle or a form of government

Example:

"For conceiving that the Prince my Father had usurped an Authority which did not belong unto him, and desiring to reduce the Government into a Popularity, and to prevent his Successors from raigning after him, see how they argued the matter amongst themselves." – Madeleine de Scudéry (translated by F.G.), Artamenes, 1653

About the Word:

While the more cynical among us might argue that our current system of government is still largely based on popularity, it is a popularity that is a bit different from the original meaning of the word.

Popularity has been in use since at least 1546, the year in which the Bishop of Winchester used it in a letter to Lord Paget, writing of ‘an inclination they have to a popularity’. The letter is concerned with grave political matters of the time, and not with who is the most liked in the schoolyard.

  • Secretary

Original Definition:

one entrusted with the secrets or confidences of a superior

Example:

"She writ to him discreetly the thoughts of her friend, leting him understand that she was the secretary; that she would serve him in all honest things he could desire." – Francisco de Quintana, The History of Don Fenise, 1651

About the Word:

Many other words that have been formed through the addition of -ary (which comes from the Latin root -arius, meaning ‘from’) have managed to keep their roots and suffixes neatly tied together: beneficiary, constabulary, and planetary.

So it seems rather obvious, when looking at a word such as secretary, that its original meaning had something to do with secrets. Yet somewhere along the way the word slipped free of its moorings and took on a not terribly secret meaning.

Kara Church

Technical Editor, Advisory

Symitar Documentation Services

Posted by: Jack Henry | August 6, 2019

Editor’s Corner: Top Spelling Searches

Hello!

You know me—I love language and I love maps. A language map? Well, yes, I feel like I just might be in heaven. But this is a bit of a sad map, because it is about the word in each state that is “Googled” most often to see how it is spelled. Now, I have a couple of issues with this map as far as a scientific study. I see that they say in Washington and New Jersey, the word is grey, yet since we are in America, the word should be gray. Both are valid spellings, but one is more appropriate here than the other.

One of the items that made me laugh was Hawaiians looking up Hawaii…but I think that one is also suspect. It is very possible that people want to know if the correct spelling is Hawaii or Hawai‘i. (One article I read said that the Big Island is Hawai’i, the state is Hawaii. Then there are other articles about when the okina () started being used and which version is actually traditional Hawaiian. Anyway, I don’t have a definitive answer about that.)

In any case, here is the map and you can make your own observations and assumptions. It is from the article here, at inc.com. Delaware and veterinarians…interesting!

I hope you have a fantastic day!

Kara Church

Technical Editor, Advisory

Symitar Documentation Services

Posted by: Jack Henry | August 1, 2019

Editor’s Corner: Misplaced Modifiers

I love funny misplaced modifiers. Yes, they’re grammatically incorrect, but at least this is a grammar subject that provides a little humor! Look at these examples:

  • She handed out brownies to the children stored in Tupperware®.
  • With his tail held high, my father led his prize poodle around the arena.
  • I’m looking for a small table for my kid with short legs.

You can see that something is wrong with each of those sentences. The problem is that the modifier is not placed next to the word or phrase it is meant to modify. The children (hopefully) are not stored in Tupperware. And my father has never held his tail high with or without his prize poodle.

Let’s look closer at the last example: I’m looking for a small table for my kid with short legs. In this sentence, I’m actually looking for a table that has short legs, so the phrase “with short legs” should be placed next to the phrase “I’m looking for a table.” The sentence really should be written like this: I’m looking for a table with short legs for my kid.

You’d be surprised how often editors need to rearrange phrases to place modifiers where they belong. This happens a lot with long, complex sentences. Unfortunately for us, the sentences we are working with are rarely as funny as these examples. You can help us out by watching for misplaced modifiers in your own writing. You don’t want to shoot an elephant in your pajamas.

Donna Bradley Burcher | Senior Technical Editor | Symitar®

8985 Balboa Ave. | San Diego, CA 92123 | Ph. 619.278.0432 | Ext: 765432

About Editor’s Corner

Editor’s Corner keeps your communication skills sharp by providing information on grammar, punctuation, JHA style, and all things English. As editors, we spend our days reading, researching, and revising other people’s writing. We love to spend a few extra minutes to share what we learn with you and keep it fun while we’re doing it.

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Posted by: Jack Henry | July 30, 2019

Editor’s Corner: Who or Whom?

Good morning, and happy Tuesday. We have covered the who vs. whom dilemma several times over the years, but it’s been a while, and Jan W. asked for a refresher. Jan gets what she wants. 😊

One reason we have so much trouble knowing when to use whom is because we rarely hear or see it. Most people just opt for who no matter what. And since we don’t often see or hear whom used correctly, we’re not sure when to use it. I’m telling you that so that you’ll understand that if this is a hard rule for you to figure out or remember, you are not alone. This one trips up many people.

The good news is that there is a trick that will usually help you determine when to use who and when to use whom: the they/them trick.

  • they = who
  • them = whom

You can remember that them stands in for whom, because them and whom sound similar.

This is how the trick works: when you’re faced with a sentence that includes who or whom, but you don’t know which one, put the sentence in question form to determine whether they or them makes more sense. If they makes more sense, use who (they = who). If them makes more sense, use whom (them = whom). Here are some examples:

  • I’d like to know who/whom wrote the email.

Question: Who/whom wrote the email?

Answer: They wrote the email.

The correct choice is who (they = who).

I’d like to know who wrote the email.

  • She is wondering who/whom to vote for.

Question: Who/whom should she vote for?

Answer: She should vote for them.

The correct answer is whom (them = whom).

She is wondering whom to vote for.

I hope that helps. If you want to test yourself, click this link and scroll down to take a quiz from GrammarBook.com. Enjoy the rest of your day.

Donna Bradley Burcher | Senior Technical Editor | Symitar®

8985 Balboa Ave. | San Diego, CA 92123 | Ph. 619.278.0432 | Ext: 765432

About Editor’s Corner

Editor’s Corner keeps your communication skills sharp by providing information on grammar, punctuation, JHA style, and all things English. As editors, we spend our days reading, researching, and revising other people’s writing. We love to spend a few extra minutes to share what we learn with you and keep it fun while we’re doing it.

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Posted by: Jack Henry | July 25, 2019

Editor’s Corner Punctuation Quiz

Good morning! I’ve annoyed you with quizzes in the past, but I don’t think I’ve ever provided a punctuation quiz, so today is your lucky day. This quiz comes from Daily Writing Tips. Your job is to correct the punctuation in the following five sentences. You might need to add punctuation, or you might need to correct punctuation. You have to figure it out.

At some point in the history of Editor’s Corner, we have covered all the rules you need to know to ace this quiz. I know you’re up to the challenge!

I’ve included the answers and explanations, but you’ll have to scroll down to see them. Best of luck to you!

The following sentences contain errors of punctuation. Revise them as necessary.

  1. That’s my dream car in the window I plan to buy it as soon as I have enough money.

2. The boss is really old. He still addresses women clients as Mrs So-and-So.

3. I never expected to see so many glacier’s and pit’s on our trip.

4. Before we get to Phoenix let’s stop at an IHOP for breakfast.

5. All the “hardback books” are the same price.

Answers and Explanations

1.
Original: That’s my dream car in the window I plan to buy it as soon as I have enough money.
Correct: That’s my dream car in the window. I plan to buy it as soon as I have enough money.

Error: run-on sentence. The new thought begins with “I.” Another way to correct it would be to put a semi-colon instead of a period between “window” and “I.”

2.
Original: The boss is really old. He still addresses women clients as Mrs So-and-So.
Correct: The boss is really old. He still addresses women clients as Mrs. So-and-So.

U.S. punctuation convention places a period after “Mrs.” and “Ms.”

3.
Original: I never expected to see so many glacier’s and pit’s on our trip.
Correct: I never expected to see so many glaciers and pits on our trip.

No apostrophes are needed; glaciers and pits are simply plural nouns.

4.
Original: Before we get to Phoenix let’s stop at an IHOP for breakfast.
Correct: Before we get to Phoenix, let’s stop at an IHOP for breakfast.

A subordinate clause that begins a sentence is set off with a comma. [dbb – I wrote a post on this topic; it’s called
Commas with Introductory Phrases.]

5.
Original: All the “hardback books” are the same price.
Correct: All the hardback books are the same price.

Using quotations marks for emphasis is an error.

Donna Bradley Burcher | Senior Technical Editor | Symitar®

8985 Balboa Ave. | San Diego, CA 92123 | Ph. 619.278.0432 | Ext: 765432

About Editor’s Corner

Editor’s Corner keeps your communication skills sharp by providing information on grammar, punctuation, JHA style, and all things English. As editors, we spend our days reading, researching, and revising other people’s writing. We love to spend a few extra minutes to share what we learn with you and keep it fun while we’re doing it.

Did someone forward this email to you? Click here to subscribe.

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Posted by: Jack Henry | July 23, 2019

Editor’s Corner: American vs. British Spelling

Our friend Sandy B. recently asked if we would look into the reason why some common words are spelled differently in American English than they are in British English—words like color/colour, center/centre, realize/realise, defense/defence, etc.

I remember reading about this topic before, so I had a general idea, but I put on my research goggles and dove right in to the internet. Dictionary.com has a great article about this, and so does a site called Live Science.

Here’s the gist: in the 15th–18th centuries (the early years of the printing press in Great Britain and the United States), spelling was kind of a free-for-all. People just spelled a word however they thought it should be spelled, which led to great variation, and sometimes, a bit of confusion.

Toward the end of 18th century, however, two people were starting to set the standards for British and American spelling. In Britain, in 1755, Samuel Johnson, an English writer, published the Dictionary of the English Language. According to the Dictionary.com article, he “made calculated decisions about which spelling variations to use. At the time, French-derived spellings such as honour and theatre were in vogue in England.”

Here in the United States, a few years later, Noah Webster was helping to define American spelling in his books American Spelling Book (1783) and the influential American Dictionary of the English Language (1828). Webster wanted to simplify the English language to make it easier to learn, and he wanted to differentiate it from British English. So, he opted for shorter, more phonetic spellings (program instead of programme, for instance). In fact, he wanted to go further than he did, and he promoted spellings like masheen instead of machine, and laf instead of laugh. Obviously, that didn’t work out too well for him.

But we do have Webster to thank (or blame, depending on your outlook) for making American English look different from British English.

Cheerio. Enjoy your day!

Donna Bradley Burcher | Senior Technical Editor | Symitar®

8985 Balboa Ave. | San Diego, CA 92123 | Ph. 619.278.0432 | Ext: 765432

About Editor’s Corner

Editor’s Corner keeps your communication skills sharp by providing information on grammar, punctuation, JHA style, and all things English. As editors, we spend our days reading, researching, and revising other people’s writing. We love to spend a few extra minutes to share what we learn with you and keep it fun while we’re doing it.

Did someone forward this email to you? Click here to subscribe.

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Do you have a question or an idea for Editor’s Corner? Send your suggestions or feedback to Kara, <a href="mailto:DBurcher, Jackie, or <a href="mailto:BRitter.

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