Posted by: Jack Henry | January 8, 2014

Editor’s Corner: Flesh vs. Flush (Yuck!)

I’m not sure what it is about this topic, but it comes up year after year around the holidays. Today we’re talking about “fleshing out” vs. “flushing out.” Merriam-Webster’s list of Top 10 Commonly Confused Words of last year rated it the number one most confusing set of terms. Here is their explanation:

Flesh Out vs. Flush Out

Question:

To provide more details, should you flush out or flesh out your plan?

Answer:

flesh out

How to remember it:

Think of fleshing out a skeleton. To flesh out something is to give it substance, or to make it fuller or more nearly complete.

To flush out something is to cause it to leave a hiding place, e.g., "The birds were flushed out of the tree." It can also be used figuratively, as in "flush out the truth."

For my last article on this topic (complete with the Ty-D-Bol man) see:

https://episystechpubs.com/2012/12/05/editors-corner-flesh-and-flush/

Kara Church

Senior Technical Editor

619-542-6773 | Ext: 766773

www.symitar.com

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Posted by: Jack Henry | January 7, 2014

Editor’s Corner: Then vs. Than

Today’s item is a double whammy!

· Whammy one: when these two words are misused, many of your co-workers notice it, cringe, and send emails to me with this at the top of their peeve lists.

· Whammy two: this couplet was rated number five on Merriam-Webster’s list of Top 10 Commonly Confused Words of last year.

· Whammy Kiss: The second single released by The B-52’s from their 1983 album Whammy!

Introducing then vs. than:

Question:

Is this room hotter than or then a sauna?

Answer:

than

How to remember it:

Use then only when you’re talking about sequences and time, e.g., "First we’ll go here, then we’ll go there."

When you’re comparing things, as in the example above, use than. (If it helps, consider that than, like compare, has an "a.")

Happy Tuesday!

Kara

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Posted by: Jack Henry | January 6, 2014

Editor’s Corner: Tortuous vs Torturous

Good morning and welcome back to all of you vacationers! I hope you are rested, relaxed, and ready for the delights the new year brings.

As I was researching a few topics, I found Merriam-Webster’s list of “Top Ten Commonly Confused Words”. Since several of the word pairs and trios are things you’ve asked me about, I thought it might be good to visit these topics. It being a Monday, I’m skipping to number six on the list: tortuous and torturous.

Question:

Is an overly-elaborate plan best described as torturous or tortuous?

Answer:

Tortuous

How to remember it:

Torturous (with a second "r") really does suggest torture, the word it comes from. It’s reserved for things that are very unpleasant, painful, difficult, or slow.

But something that is tricky, complicated, or circuitous – such as an overly elaborate plan – is tortuous. Think of twists and turns, and consider a related word: torque, which refers to a force that causes something to rotate.

Welcome back to the real world!

Kara Church

Senior Technical Editor

619-542-6773 | Ext: 766773

www.symitar.com

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Posted by: Jack Henry | January 3, 2014

Editor’s Corner: Don’t get your adverbs here!

For those of you who remember Schoolhouse Rock, you might recall being told to “unpack your adjectives” and to go to Lolly, Lolly, Lolly to “get your adverbs here.” Today, I have some different advice for you now that you are living in the world of business writing. To be a lean, mean writing machine, here is a list of adverbs to use sparingly.

· absolutely · minimally
· actually · obviously
· approximately · particularly
· basically · perhaps
· certainly · please
· completely · pretty
· definitively · quite
· essentially · significantly
· extremely · simply
· generally · somewhat
· hugely · strongly
· just · very
· mainly · virtually

When you are writing, ask yourself: “Does this word add to the meaning of what I am trying to say?”

For example, words like “essentially,” “basically,” “generally,” “mainly,” “perhaps,” “pretty,” and “somewhat” are wimpy words! These words are often used to avoid committing to a statement, such as “I’m pretty sure she took your pen,” or “My project is essentially complete.” What a bunch of wishy-washiness!

Other words, such as “absolutely,” “certainly,” “definitively,” “extremely,” “hugely,” “obviously,” “particularly,” “strongly,” and “very” are the opposite of non-committal. These adverbs are strong and definite, but they don’t add a lot to what you are saying, except a few more syllables and a little redundancy. For example, “This project is hugely important.” Isn’t it enough that the project is important? Will you pay less attention to its importance without the word “hugely” there?

Kara

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Posted by: Jack Henry | January 2, 2014

Editor’s Corner: Happy 2014!

Happy New Year!

Let’s start off 2014 with a list of words that many of you would like to leave back in 2013. These are from the Lake Superior State University’s 2014 List of Banished Words. The link will take you to the full article with definitions, detested usage, and examples.

General

· selfie

· twerk/twerking

· hashtag

· Twittersphere

· Mister Mom

· T-bone

· _______ on steroids

Suffering Suffixes:

· –ageddon

· –pocalypse

Politics:

· intellectually/morally bankrupt

· Obamacare

Sports:

· adversity

· fan base

And an entertaining article on the same topic: Words for the Dumpster by Timothy Egan.

Enjoy!

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Posted by: Jack Henry | December 31, 2013

Editor’s Corner: What does the fox say?

On the twelfth day of Christmas, my true love gave to me: 12 drummers drumming. In honor of those noisy little drummers I’m including some sound-related information on this last day of the Editor’s Corner Christmas articles. For a special treat, I bring you pronunciations from the world of farm animal sounds! It’s interesting to me how different languages interpret animal sounds—the animals are making the same noises worldwide, but with different alphabets and different languages, we interpret them differently.

I also just realized that it’s interesting that animal sounds are one of the first things we teach kids. Why is that, when so much of the population lives in the city? Is it that the sounds are easy to make? Is it easier for a baby to say woof-woof or ruff-ruff or grrrrr? Do Hungarian babies have a harder time learning the sound for horse than Korean babies?

I don’t have the answers today—just questions and farm animal noises from Woman’s Day magazine:

Cat

Dutch = Miauw

German = Miau

Hebrew = Miyau

Japanese = Nyaa

Turkish = Miyav

Horse

Hungarian = Nyihaha Nyihaha

Japanese = Hi-Hiin

Korean = Hee-Hing

Russian = I-Go-Go

Swedish = Iihahaha

Cow

Dutch = Boe/Moe

Finnish = Ammuu

French = Meuh

Japanese = Mau Mau

Urdu = Baeh

Owl

Dutch = Oe Hoe

Finnish = Huhuu

French = Hou Hou

Russian = Uh Uh Uh

Turkish = Uuu Uuu

Dog

Arabic = Haw Haw

French = Ouah Ouah

Spanish = Gua Gua

Swedish = Vov Vov

Russian = Gav Gav

Rooster

Chinese = Go-Geh-Goh-Goh

Danish = Kykyliky

Korean = Coo-Koo-Ri-Koo

Spanish = Quiquiriqui or Kikiriki

Turkish = U Uru Uuu

Donkey

Dutch = I-A

French = Hihan

Hebrew = Yi-Ah

Icelandic = E-Haw Haw

Turkish = A-Iiii A-Iiii

Sheep

Dutch = Bè Bè

Greek = Mae-ee

Japanese = Meh Meh

Spanish = Beee Beee

Swedish = Bä Bä

Duck

Danish = Rap-Rap

French = Coin Coin

Greek = Pa-Pa-Pa

Russian = Krya Krya

Spanish = Cua Cua

Snake

German = Zichen

Hungarian = Sz-Sz

Italian = Hshs

Norwegian = Hvese

Turkish = Tiss

Goose

Finnish = Tööt

Hungarian = Gá-Gá

Japanese = Ga-a Ga-a

Russian = Ga-Ga-Ga

Turkish = Gak Gak

Turkey

Belgium = Irka Kloek Kloek

French = Glou Glou

Greek = Glou Glou

Spanish = Clou Clou

Turkish = Glu Glu

P.S. The cost of the 12 days of Christmas gifts in today’s prices? $114,000!

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Posted by: Jack Henry | December 27, 2013

Editor’s Corner: 11 Pipers Piping

On the eleventh day of Christmas, my true love gave to me: 11 pipers piping.

For some reason, this made me think of people whose last names originated from their professions. I found this list on a crazy site called Name Nerds. It’s long, but you may find it interesting. For a more detailed explanation and etymologies of many surnames, try The Internet Surname Database. (Their tag line is “Our database contains 49,352 last names from Smith to Smiley and Aaron to Zywicki.” My apologies if they don’t have yours yet.)

Name Job Description
Archer archer
Bacchus worked in a bake house
Bailey bailiff
Barber cut hair; surgeon
Barker worked with bark for the leather trade, shepherd
Baxter female baker
Bekker made wooden vessels
Bender made casks and barrels
Berger shepherd
Boatwright made boats
Bowman archer
Brewer brewed ale
Brewster female brewer
Butler wine steward
Campion pro fighter; champion
Cantrell singer in a chantry
Carpenter carpenter
Carrin made carts
Carter made or sold carts, transported goods
Cartwright made carts
Carver sculptor
Cater supplied goods to a large household
Century belt maker
Chafer lime kiln worker
Chaffer merchant
Chalker white washer
Challender sold blankets
Chamberlain in charge of private chambers
Chambers in charge of private chambers
Chandler candle maker
Chaplin chaplain
Chapman merchant/peddler
Cheeseman made and sold cheese
Cheesewright made and sold cheese
Cherrier worked in a cherry orchard
Chessman made and sold cheese
Clark clerk
Cleaver either worked in a butcher shop or split wood
Coldren made large cooking pots
Coleman gathered charcoal
Collier sold charcoal
Conner inspected for weights and measures
Cook cook
Cooper made barrels
Cotter tenant farmer
Crowther played the crwth, a medieval stringed instrument (Welsh)
Day worker in a dairy
Dexter female dyer
Drage confectioner
Draper maker/seller of woolen cloth
Dyer dyed cloth
Dyster female dyer
Falconer kept and trained falcons
Farrar smith
Faulkner kept and trained falcons
Fearson ironmonger/smith
Fisher fisherman
Fiske sold fish
Flax sold or grew flax
Fletcher made arrows
Foal fool; jester
Forester guardian of lord’s forest
Foster guardian of lord’s forest
Fowler keeper/catcher of birds
Frobisher polished swords and armor
Fuller thickened cloth by trampling
Gage inspected for weights and measures
Gardner, Gardiner tended gardens
Glover made gloves
Graves steward
Hammer made stone hammers
Harper played or made harps
Hayward guarded fences or enclosures
Heard shepherd or cow herd
Hinman keeper of deer on an estate
Hogg swine herd
Hooper fitted metal hoops to barrels and casks
Hunter hunter
Inman innkeeper
Kantor singer in a chantry (chapel)
Kellogg slaughterer [KC – specifically pig butcher]
Key made keys
Killer lime kiln worker
King servant to a king
Kisser armor maker
Knight knight; any military servant; young servant to a knight
Lander laundry worker
Leadbetter lead worker
Lister cloth dyer
Lorimer made spurs
Lush usher
Machin mason; stoneworker
Marshall in charge of horses
Mason mason; stoneworker
Mercer merchant, esp. of fine cloths (silk, velvet etc.)
Miller, Milner miller
Mulliner, Mills miller
Nader tailor
Naylor made and sold nails
Page, Paige, Paget young male servant
Palmer a pilgrim
Parker gamekeeper
Parson parson; rector
Piper played or made pipes
Plummer plumber; lead worker
Potter potter
Proctor tax collector; solicitor; steward
Provost supervisor on a lord’s manor
Purcell swine herd
Redman roof thatcher
Rock spun wool; made distaffs [KC – distaff: stick or staff onto which flax or wool is wound for spinning]
Rocker spun wool; made distaffs
Ryder delivered messages on horseback
Sadler made saddles
Salter salt worker or salt seller
Sargent military servant
Sawyer sawed wood
Schneider tailor
Schreiber clerk
Scully town crier
Seal/Seales maker of seals or saddles
Sexton maintained churches; dug graves
Shepherd shepherd
Shields armorer
Singer singer
Skinner tanned hides
Skipper ship master
Smith, Smythe smith
Smoker made smocks
Snyder tailor (Dutch)
Soppner roofing shingle maker
Spencer dispensed lord’s provisions
Spicer sold spices
Spittle hospital worker
Stanier, Stonier stone cutter
Steele steel worker
Stewart steward
Stringer made strings for bows
Tabor played the tabor (small drum)
Tanner tanned hides
Tasker did piece-work
Taverner tavern keeper
Taylor tailor
Thatcher thatched roofs
Tiller farmer
Tillman farmer or tile maker
Todd fox hunter
Toller toll collector
Trainer trapper
Tranter wagoner [KC – contracted for transporting goods; traveler]
Trapp trapper
Travers toll bridge keeper
Trinder wheel maker
Trotter messenger
Tucker cloth worker
Turner made small objects by turning them on a lathe
Tyler made tiles
Tyrer wardrobe master
Voss servant
Walker shrunk woolen cloth
Waller built walls
Ward watchman; guard
Warf dock worker
Warner, Warrer in charge of wildlife at a park
Wayne wheel maker
Webb weaver
Webster female weaver
Woodward forester
Wright [KC – maker of machinery and small objects; craftsman]

Kara Church

Senior Technical Editor

619-542-6773 | Ext: 766773

www.symitar.com

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Posted by: Jack Henry | December 26, 2013

Editor’s Corner: 10 Lords A-Leaping

Christmas is over, but as I explained at the beginning of these 12 days (see https://episystechpubs.com/2013/12/06/editors-corner-five-gold-rings/) we are really talking about the 12 days between Christmas and January 6.

On the tenth day of Christmas, my true love gave to me: 10 lords a-leaping…and I said, “It’s about time! Finally, something for those of us who don’t really appreciate the birds, milkmaids, or dancing ladies!”

Today, I thought I’d take a look at royal titles. It is tough to narrow down the topic because the empires and kingdoms of the past are either extinct or have evolved into something new. My guess is that we are most familiar with the mix of titles that come from Europe. Here are the titles and ranks of various European nobles (with male and female equivalents) from various Wikipedia articles on nobility. I have edited the daylights out of the details to prevent this from becoming 50 pages long.

Title (male) Title (female) Details Area of Administration
Emperor Empress · An Emperor (through Old French empereor from Latin imperator) is a monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm.

· An Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate:

o An emperor’s wife (empress consort)

o An emperor’s mother (empress dowager)

o A woman who rules in her own right (empress regnant)

· Emperors are generally recognized to be of a higher honor and rank than kings.

· The Emperor of Japan is the only remaining reigning monarch in the world reigning under the title of Emperor.

empire
King Queen · A monarch is a supreme or absolute head of a state government, either in reality or symbolically.

· A monarch typically inherits sovereignty by birth, or is elected

· A monarch typically rules for life or until abdication

kingdom, realm
Archduke Archduchess · Rank within the Holy Roman Empire archduchy
Grand Duke Grand Duchess · Used in Western Europe, particularly in Germanic countries for lesser sovereigns

· Grand duke ranks in order of precedence below a king but higher than a Sovereign Duke

· Grand duke is also the usual and established translation of “Grand Prince” in languages that do not differentiate between princes who are children of a monarch (e.g. German Prinz) and ruling princes (e.g. German Fürst).

grand duchy
Grand Prince KC – Didn’t see any references to Grand Princesses · The title “Grand Prince” or “Great Prince” (Latin: Magnus Princeps) ranked in honor below emperor and tsar and above a sovereign prince (or Fürst).

· The last titular grand principalities vanished in 1917 and 1918

o This included the grand principalities of Lithuania, Transylvania, and Finland.

grand principality
Prince Princess · Prince is a general term for a ruler, monarch, or member of a monarch’s or former monarch’s family

· A hereditary title

· The English word derives, via the French word prince, from the Latin noun princeps, from primus (first) + capio (to seize), meaning "the chief, most distinguished, ruler, prince"

kingdom (inherited)
Infante Infanta · Title and rank given in the Iberian kingdoms of Spain (including the predecessor kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, Navarre and León), and Portugal, to the sons and daughters of the king kingdom (inherited)
Duke Duchess · Can either be a monarch ruling over a duchy or a member of the nobility

· The title comes from French duc, itself from the Latin dux (leader), a term used in republican Rome to refer to a military commander without an official rank

· During the Middle Ages, dukes were the rulers of the provinces and the superiors of the counts in the cities

· Later, in the feudal monarchies, the highest-ranking peers of the king

· During the 19th century, many smaller German and Italian states were ruled by dukes or grand dukes

· Presently, with the exception of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, there are no ruling dukes

· A woman who holds in her own right the title to such duchy or dukedom, or is the wife of a duke, is normally styled duchess

· Queen Elizabeth II, an exception to the rules above, is known by tradition as Duke of Normandy in the Channel Islands and Duke of Lancaster in Lancashire

duchy, dukedom
Sovereign Prince
(Fürst)
Sovereign Princess

(Fürstin)

· Fürst (from Old High German furisto, "first", a translation of the Latin princeps; plural: Fürsten) is a German title of nobility, usually translated into English as prince

· The term refers to the head of a principality or the head of a high-ranking noble family; distinguished from the son of a monarch, who is referred to as Prinz

principality
Marquess
(Marquis)
Marchioness

(Marquise)

· Noble person of hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies

· Trusted to defend and fortify against potentially hostile neighbors (and thus more important and ranked higher than a count)

· Ranked below duke, which was often restricted to the royal family and those that were held in high enough esteem to be granted such a title

· Relatively late introduction to the British peerage

march (land on a country’s border)
Count/
Earl
Countess/
Countess
· Title in European countries for a noble of varying status

· The title “Count” came into English from the French comte, itself from Latin comes—in its accusative comitem—meaning "companion", and later "companion of the emperor, delegate of the emperor"

· British and Irish equivalent is an earl (whose wife is a "countess", for lack of an English term)

· Alternative names for the "Count" rank in the nobility structure are used in other countries, such as Graf in Germany and Hakushaku during the Japanese Imperial era.

county (land inside a country’s border, not on the border itself)
Viscount Viscountess · A member of the European nobility

· There are approximately 270 viscountships currently extant in the peerages of the British Isles

viscountship, viscounty, or viscountcy
Baron Baroness · Title of honor, often hereditary

· Depending on the country, some baronies were bought and sold

· One of the lowest titles in the various nobiliary systems of Europe

barony
Baronet
Hereditary Knight
Baronetess · The holder of a hereditary baronetcy awarded by the British Crown

· A baronetcy is the only hereditary honor which is not a peerage; baronets are not members of the nobility

· The practice of awarding baronetcies was originally introduced in England in the 1300s to raise funds

· A baronet is styled "Sir" like a knight (or "Dame" for a baronetess), but ranks above most knighthoods and damehoods

· The baronetage, as a class, are considered members of the gentry

baronetcy
knight

(salutation: Sir)

(salutation: Dame) · Person granted honorary title of knighthood by a monarch or other political leader for service to the monarch or country, especially in a military capacity

· Historically, in Europe, knighthood has been conferred upon mounted warriors

· During the High Middle Ages, knighthood was considered a class of lower nobility

· By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior

· Since the Early Modern period, the title of knight is purely honorific, usually bestowed by a monarch, often for non-military service to the country

Kara Church

Senior Technical Editor

619-542-6773 | Ext: 766773

www.symitar.com

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Posted by: Jack Henry | December 24, 2013

Editor’s Corner: 9 ladies dancing

On the eighth day of Christmas, my true love gave to me: 9 ladies dancing.

I’ve dreaded today. Not because of the dancing ladies but because of the topic I came up with. That topic, my friends, is the “verbing” of nouns.

For those of you that want some examples of what “verbing a noun” is (outside of the word “verbing” itself) here you go:

Noun Example of “verbing” Existing Alternative Aesthetic Rating
action Please finish your schedules; we can’t action these items until I know who will be here. address, complete Two thumbs way down. What the heck are you trying to say?
architect As soon as we decide on a standard, we can architect the program. design, draft Puke.
author John Steinbeck authored The Red Pony in 1933. write Minus five stars out of five. This makes me want to cry.
flight “Clause said all three girls were initially conscious at the scene. Swanson and Zeien were flighted to the Milwaukee Area Medical Complex.” (from DailyWritingTips article) flown Next time? The reporter of this article should be air lifted to the Milwaukee Area Language Institute.
impact The delivery date was negatively impacted by the snow. affect Google “impacted” and look at the suggested searches. There. Now never use it again when you mean “affected.”
journal She is journaling about everything that happens on her trip. write Yuck.

Some of you may have read my rant on using the word “architect” as a verb (https://episystechpubs.com/2013/09/12/editors-corner-word-rant/). Well, I have another noun that has been “verbed” and it perplexes me to no end, particularly because this time it is in my field. That word, folks, is “authoring.”

I like this quote on the topic from DailyWritingTips: “The capacity of English for turning nouns into verbs is both its glory and its bane.” That’s as much of the glory as you are going to get. I am here to tell you all about the bane. Why? Because I find the “verbing” of nouns is generally due to laziness! English is full of lovely words that mean what you are trying to say: use your words! This, and often the “new” word is not as precise as the existing word. An author is a person who writes something. I have heard people use the word “authoring” to refer to writing a book, to creating programs, to using programs to create documentation, to document, etc. Which one is it?

The other reason I have a problem with turning nouns into verbs is that it perpetuates jargon. There are many extremely intelligent people in my field (with gigantic vocabularies) and yet they get sucked into the jargon vacuum. Again, I come back to “authoring” and “architecting.”

It is part of my job to promote clear writing that does not contain a lot of jargon, so I will continue fighting this trend according to the following rule: before perpetuating these “verbed” words, I will consider them and try to find an existing word that works better. If I can’t find something that works, then maybe I will jump on the bandwagon. (Oh, who am I kidding? I’m a fighter. I’ll use the word “impacted” for a tooth or colon, but I refused to use it where “affected” functions just as well.)

The most I can ask of you is that you make the same considerations in your writing.

Kara

Kara Church

Senior Technical Editor

619-542-6773 | Ext: 766773

www.symitar.com

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Posted by: Jack Henry | December 20, 2013

Editor’s Corner: 8 maids a-milking

On the eighth day of Christmas, my true love gave to me: 8 maids a-milking. Oh dear. A house full of birds, five gold rings, and now we’re looking at eight cows and eight maids. Welcome to the insanity!

Today I have a tidbit for you on all of this “a-milking and a-swimming and a-laying” that has been going on. Thanks again to my co-worker, Laura for sending me to the Yale Grammar Diversity Project, where they even have a name for this phenomenon: “A-prefixing.” Here are some interesting facts about A-prefixing from Yale’s website (please see the website for appropriate attribution to these quotes):

· A-prefixing" refers to the phenomenon whereby a prefix a- attaches to a verbal form inflected with the suffix –ing

· The progressive suffix is often spelled as -in’

Examples from Appalachian English:

o “I know he was a-tellin’ the truth, but I was a-comin’ home.”

o “Well, she’s a-gettin’ the black lung now, ain’t she?”

· A-prefixing has been studied by linguists who have focused on speech communities that were predominantly white and as such, it is unclear whether a-prefixing is present in varieties of speakers of other ethnicities. Within white speech communities, a-prefixing is found in Southern American White English, most specifically in Alabama, West Virginia and east Tennessee.

· Noted use throughout the United States starting as early as 1846

· Noticed in varieties [of English] spoken in Scotland, Ireland and parts of England (1898)

· In some varieties, the form is less common in the speech of younger individuals. In a study conducted by Christian et al. (1988), they found that a-prefixing in Ozark English is not present in the speech of individuals under 15 years old whereas in Appalachian English, a-prefixing is used by speakers of all ages.

And if you are interested in a little Friday fun, one of our readers (Thank you, Marvin!) sent this link about mondegreens (misheard song lyrics):

http://www.kansascity.com/2013/12/15/4690592/6-geezers-laying-holidays-bring.html

Kara Church

Senior Technical Editor

619-542-6773 | Ext: 766773

www.symitar.com

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